The Revelation Series
Commentary from 12 scholars
OTY: The Revelation (11)B - Jack Kelley
Revelation 10-11:14
A Bible Study by Jack Kelley
Revelation 11:1-14
The Two Witnesses
I was given a reed like a measuring rod and was told, "Go and measure the temple of God and the altar, and count the worshipers there. (Rev. 11:1) Here's evidence along with Daniel 9:27 and 2 Thes. 2:4 that a Temple will exist before the beginning of the Great Tribulation. Having seen the miraculous way in which God delivered them from certain defeat in the battle of Ezekiel 38-39, Jews from all over the world will respond to His offer of reconciliation and make Aliyah (return to Israel). Their Old Covenant relationship restored, they'll demand a Temple for worship, and early in the 70th Week of Daniel it will be built. Nearly 2000 years of diaspora (scattering) will finally end.
But exclude the outer court; do not measure it, because it has been given to the Gentiles. They will trample on the holy city for 42 months. (Rev. 11:2) This verse has been used to support the idea that the Temple will be built next door to the Dome of the Rock. Later, I'll offer an alternative to this view. But first let's meet the Two Witnesses.
And I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy for 1,260 days, clothed in sackcloth." These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth. If anyone tries to harm them, fire comes from their mouths and devours their enemies. This is how anyone who wants to harm them must die. These men have power to shut up the sky so that it will not rain during the time they are prophesying; and they have power to turn the waters into blood and to strike the earth with every kind of plague as often as they want. (Rev. 11:3-6) The 3½ year ministry of the two witnesses is not congruent with either half of Daniel's 70th week but overlaps them, beginning after the 70th week does and ending sometime before the 2nd Coming. Before discussing their identity we should note that they provide the ultimate fulfillment of Zechariah 4:11-14, the "Sons of Oil" prophecy partially fulfilled by Zerubbabel and Joshua in the time of the 2nd Temple's construction.
Who Are Those Guys?
There are three primary candidates for their identity; Moses, Elijah and Enoch. Elijah and Enoch because they're the only two in the Old Testament who didn't die, but were taken into heaven alive. And Moses and Elijah because the powers of these two are identical to those exercised by Moses in the Plagues of Egypt and Elijah in his contention against idolatry in Israel. Remember, it climaxed in his spectacular defeat of the prophets of Baal on Mt. Carmel with fire from heaven and the end of a 3½-year drought. (You have to read James 5:17 for the duration of the drought. It's not given in 1 Kings 18.) Also Moses and Elijah were on the Mt. Of Transfiguration with Jesus and the disciples (Matt.17:1-13) and according to early church tradition were the two men in white who appeared to the disciples following the Lord's ascension. (Acts 1:10-11) And finally Moses and Elijah are two of the most highly revered figures in all of Israel's past, more able than anyone else God could send to convey His message. Moses was the Law Giver and Elijah was the greatest of Israel's Prophets. Their two names are all but synonymous with the Jewish name for their scriptures, the Law and the Prophets.
I believe Enoch's disappearance before the Great Flood was a special event designed to pre-figure the disappearance of the Church before the Great Tribulation. As it was in the days of Noah, so will it be at the Coming of the Son of Man.(Matt 24:37) In the days of Noah the world perished in the Flood. They represent those who will perish in the Great Tribulation. Noah and his family were preserved through the Flood and represent Israel, preserved through the Great Tribulation. Enoch was taken alive into Heaven before the Flood, representing the Church who will be taken alive into heaven before the Great Tribulation. For all these reasons, I hold the Moses and Elijah view.
Now when they have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the Abyss will attack them, and overpower and kill them. Their bodies will lie in the street of the great city, which is figuratively called Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified. For three and a half days men from every people, tribe, language and nation will gaze on their bodies and refuse them burial. The inhabitants of the earth will gloat over them and will celebrate by sending each other gifts, because these two prophets had tormented those who live on the earth.
But after the three and a half days a breath of life from God entered them, and they stood on their feet, and terror struck those who saw them. Then they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, "Come up here." And they went up to heaven in a cloud, while their enemies looked on.
At that very hour there was a severe earthquake and a tenth of the city collapsed. Seven thousand people were killed in the earthquake, and the survivors were terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven.
The second woe has passed; the third woe is coming soon. (Rev. 11:7-14)
There's no question that their bodies were left where they fell in the streets of Jerusalem. It's the city where the Lord was crucified. And through the technology of satellite communications their dead bodies will be visible all over the world.
In Middle Eastern cultures the greatest insult one can convey is to deny burial to one's enemy. Their deaths prompt the only expression of joy on earth in the entire book. But after 3½ days, symbolic of the length of the Great Tribulation, the two witnesses will hear the same command that John heard in Rev. 4:1, "Come up here!" and will ascend into Heaven in full view of the whole world. Just as the Lord's command in chapter 4 was a model of the Rapture of the Church, the command here is a model of the resurrection of the Tribulation martyrs.
In the Psalms we read, O God, the nations have invaded your inheritance; they have defiled your holy temple, they have reduced Jerusalem to rubble. They have given the dead bodies of your servants as food to the birds of the air, the flesh of your saints to the beasts of the earth. They have poured out blood like water all around Jerusalem, and there is no one to bury the dead. (Psalm 79:1-3) It's a clear prophecy of things to come, and it begins in Revelation 11.
By saying that the earthquake survivors gave glory to God, John didn't mean that they worshipped Him or came to faith in Him. It means that they correctly attributed these miraculous events to Him, like the Egyptian priests did in explaining the cause of the plagues in Exodus 8:19.
Where's The Temple?
This part of Revelation 11 hints at some troubling inconsistencies with our understanding of the coming Temple's location. It's given as the Holy City in verse 2, but in verse 8 Jerusalem is called the Great City, figuratively Sodom and Egypt. Are they the same? The Holy City will be trampled on by the Gentiles for 42 months, but Jesus said that Jerusalem would be trampled on by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles were fulfilled, over 2000 years.
For generations a controversy has existed among Jews and Christians alike as to the exact location of Solomon's and Herod's Temples. The Jewish Sanhedrin, recently reformed after 1600 years, is tackling the question as one of it's first priorities. Call me naïve but I think we've all been asking the wrong question. Sure it's great to know the exact placement of these historical monuments to God, but the real question is, "Where will the next Temple be?"
Many Christians think the coming 3rd Temple will be desecrated by the Abomination of Desolation during the Great Tribulation and then destroyed. For that reason they call it the Tribulation Temple. Then another Temple, number four, will be built at the beginning of the Millennium. But the only model we have for all of this is the desecration of the 2nd Temple leading up to the Macabbean Revolt. And it's something that Jesus took pains to point us toward in the Olivet Discourse (Matt. 24:15).
In the model, Syrian ruler Antiochus Epiphanes stormed the Temple and converted it into a pagan worship center in 167 BC. He slaughtered a pig on the altar and erected a statue of Zeus (Jupiter) in the holy place with his own face on it, thereby proclaiming himself to be God (Epiphanes means god made manifest) and required worship on pain of death. In 1 Macabbees, this was called the Abomination of Desolation, the only event so named in history. It triggered the Macabbean revolt, a 3 ½ year battle to oust Antiochus from the Promised Land. The Jews thought it fulfilled Daniel 9:27, but almost 200 years later Jesus told Israel to look for it in the future as the sign that the Great Tribulation has begun, thereby identifying it as a model for the End Times Abomination of Desolation. And it's true that the Macabbean Revolt contains many remarkable similarities to the Great Tribulation.
Here's the point. The Jews didn't destroy the Temple after the Abomination of Desolation in 167 BC. When they recaptured it, they destroyed the statue and replaced the Altar. Then they subjected the Temple to the eight-day purification ceremony required by Law and began using it again. The purification is remembered to this day in the Feast of Chanukkah. If the model is complete, then the Temple built during Daniel's 70th week won't be destroyed either, but will become the Millennial Temple described in great detail by Ezekiel in chapters 40-48. (The Jews call Ezekiel's Temple the 3rd Temple.) And that means it won't be in Jerusalem. Next time I'll show you where it will be.
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