Jewish Studies: Ancient Israel (2of100) Timeline Pt 1


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Jewish Topical

"Ancient Israel"


(2 of 100)

TWO

 


 

TIMELINE OF ISRAEL

 

#As this is from a Jewish Source, Jesus is notably not mentioned.



The Dawn of “History”*

(ca. 3800-2001 B.C.E.)


 

3760Adam & Eve created (Year 1 of Jewish calendar)
3630Seth born
3525Enosh born
ca. 3500Chalcolithic Period, first settlement
3435Kenan born
3365Mehalalel born
3300Yered born
3138Enoch born
3074Methusaleh born
2886Lemech born
2831Adam dies
ca. 2800Early Dynastic period (Akkad)
2704Noah born
ca. 2700-2400Old Kingdom period (Egypt)
ca. 2500-2200Ebla flourishes
ca. 2500First houses built in Jerusalem
ca. 2300-2200Priestess Enheduanna, first known author in the world
2203Shem born
2150The Flood
2100-1700Middle Kingdom period (Egypt)

Context of Ancient Israelite Religion*

(ca. 2000-539 B.C.E.)


 

2000-1750Old Babylonian period
2000-1700Israel's Patriarchal period
ca. 1900-1400Old Assyrian period
1882Terach born
1813Abraham born
ca. 1850/1750/1700Abraham & SarahIsaac & Ishmael, famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt
1800First Jerusalem city wall built
ca. 1792-1750Hammurabi
ca. 1750-1200Hittite empire
1765The Tower of Babel
1743Origin of traditions of the "Abrahamic covenant"
1713Isaac born; Abraham circumcises himself; Sodom & Gomorrah destroyed
ca. 1700-1550Hyksos in Egypt
1677Isaac prepared as sacrifice; Sarah dies
1653Jacob born
1638Abraham dies
ca. 1600-1150Kassite period (Babylonia)
1590Isaac blesses Jacob instead of Esau.
ca. 1570-1085New Kingdom period (Egypt)
1569Jacob marries Leah
1565Levi born
1562Joseph born
1546Joseph sold into slavery
1533Isaac dies
1532Joseph becomes viceroy of Egypt
1523Jacob and his family join Joseph in Egypt
ca. 1500-1200Ugaritic texts
1452Joseph dies
1429Egyptian enslavement of the Hebrews begins
ca. 1400-900Middle Assyrian period
ca. 1400-1300Amarna period (Egypt)
1393Moses born.
1355Joshua born.
1314Moses sees the burning bush.
ca. 1300-1200Mosaic period (Israel)
1280Exodus from Egypt, Sinai Torah, Canaan Entry
1240After setting up the Ark at Shiloh near Shechem (Nablus), Joshua launches foray into Jerusalem (Joshua 10:2315:63)
ca. 1200Sea Peoples invade Egypt and Syro-Palestine
ca. 1200-1050/1000Period of the Judges (Israel)
ca. 1200-1000Jerusalem is a Canaanite city
ca. 1150-900Middle Babylonian period:
ca. 1106Deborah judges Israel.
ca. 1050-450Hebrew prophets (Samuel-Malachi)
ca. 1000-587Monarchical period in Israel
ca. 1030-1010Saul (transitional king)
ca. 1010-970David conquers the Jebusites and makes Jerusalem his capital
ca. 970-931Solomon builds the First Temple on Mount Moriah
ca. 931Secession of Northern Kingdom (Israel) from Southern Kingdom (Judah)
931-913Rehoboam rules Judah
931-910Jeroboam I rules Israel, choses Shechem as his first capital, later moves it to Tirzah
913-911Abijah rules Judah
911-870Asa rules Juda
910-909Nadab (son of Jeroboam) rules Israel
909-886Baasha kills Nadab and rules Israel
900-612Neo-Assyrian period
886-885Elah, son of Baasha, rules Israel
885Zimri kills Elah, but reigns just seven days before committing suicide, Omri chosen as King of Israel
885-880(?)War between Omri and Tibni
885-874Omri kills Tibni, rules Israel
879Omri moves capital of Israel from Tirzah to Samaria
874-853Ahab, Omri's son, is killed in battle, Jezebel reigns as Queen. Athaliah, Ahab and Jezebel's daughter, marries Jehoram, crown prince of Judah
870-848Jehoshapha rules Judah
853-851Ahaziah, son of Ahab, rules Israel, dies in accident
750-725Israelite Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah
722/721Northern Kingdom (Israel) destroyed by Assyrians10 tribes exiled (10 lost tribes)
720Ahaz, King of Judah dismantles Solomon's bronze vessels and places a private Syrian altar in the Temple
716Hezekiah, King of Jerusalem, with help of God and the prophet Isaiah resists Assyrian attempt to capture Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 32). Wells and springs leading to the city are stopped
701Assyrian ruler Sennacherib beseiges Jerusalem
612-538Neo-Babylonian (“Chaldean”) period
620Josiah (Judean King) and “Deuteronomic Reforms”
ca. 600-580Judean Prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel
587/586Southern Kingdom (Judah) and First Temple destroyed-Babylonian exile
ca. 550Judean Prophet “Second Isaiah”
541First Jews return from Babylon in small numbers to rebuild the city and its walls. Seventy years of exile terminated. (Daniel 9Haggai 2:18-19)
539Persian ruler Cyrus the Great conquers Babylonian Empire

Judaism after the Babylonian Exile

(ca. 538 B.C.E.-70 CE)


 

538-333 B.C.E.Persian Period.
538 B.C.E.Edict of Cyrus (first return from Exile).
520-515 B.C.E.Jerusalem ("Second") Temple rebuilt.
520 B.C.E.Judean Prophet Haggai.
500 B.C.E.The notion of a Messiah, a political/military-religious/moral leader, develops.
450-400 B.C.E.Reformation led by Ezra and Nehemiah.
ca. 450 B.C.E.Torah (Pentateuch = first division of Jewish Scriptures) begins to gain recognition as Scripture.
438 B.C.E.Achashverosh becomes king of Persia.
426 B.C.E.First decrees by Haman; fast ordered by Esther, Haman's downfall and execution.
425 B.C.E.Haman's ten sons executed; Purim celebration.
424 B.C.E.Megillah recorded.
411 B.C.E.Bagoas, a Persian, is made governor of Jerusalem.
333-63 B.C.E.Hellenistic (Greek) period.
333/331 B.C.E.Alexander the Great conquers the Land of Israel.
ca. 320-168 B.C.E.Judaism under Greek Ptolemies & Seleucids.
ca. 250 B.C.E."Septuagint" translation of Torah into Greek.
ca. 230-146 B.C.E.Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean.
ca. 201 B.C.E.Prophets (second division of Jewish Scriptures) recognized by some as Scripture
ca. 200 B.C.E.-135 C.E.Jewish Qumran community.
175 B.C.E.Selicid, king of Syria, plunders Jerusalem, murdering many.
166-160 B.C.E.Jewish Maccabean revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Temple.
142-129 B.C.E.Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans.
63 B.C.E.Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel.
66-73 C.E.First Jewish Revolt against Rome.
69 C.E.Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism.
70 C.E.Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple.

Rule of Rome

(ca. 230 B.C.E.-400 C.E.)


Overview: Roman Rule

ca. 230-146 B.C.E.Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean.
142-129 B.C.E.Jewish autonomy under Hasmoneans.
63 B.C.E.Rome (Pompey) annexes the land of Israel.
37-4 B.C.E.Herod the Great (Jewish Roman ruler of the land of Israel).
37 B.C.E.Herod captures Jerusalem, has Antigonus II executed, and marries the Hasmonean princess Mariamne I.
20 B.C.E.Herod creates Temple Mount and begins to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem. Project continues until 72 C.E..
ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.Joshua/Jesus “the Christ.”

MODERN ERA

Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages).
6 C.E.Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea.
ca. 13 B.C.E.- 41 C.E.Philo Judaeus of Alexandria.
ca. 30 C.E.Jesus is crucified.
36-64 C.E.Paul “the apostle” (Jewish “Christian”).
ca. 37-100 C.E.Josephus (Jewish leader, historian).
ca. 40 C.E.Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar).
ca. 50-125 C.E.Christian Testament (NT) writings.
66-73 C.E.First Jewish Revolt against Rome.
69 C.E.Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism.
70Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple.
73Last stand of Jews at Masada.
ca. 90-100Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues.
ca. 90-150Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture.
114-117Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus.
120-135Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism.
132-135Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses.
136Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel.
138-161Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews.
193-211Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone
ca. 200Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince.
200-254Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter).
203Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris.
212Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens.
220Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab.
220-470

 

Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud.

222-235

Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem.

240-276Rise of Mani/Manichaean World Religion synthesis.
ca. 250Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I
250-330Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt.
263-339Eusebius (Christian author, historian)
303Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian.
To 311Sporadic persecution of Christianity by Rome.
306One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews
312/313Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity, announces Edict of Toleration
315Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act.
368Jerusalem Talmud compiled.

Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development

(70-500 C.E.)


 

66-73First Jewish Revolt against Rome.
69Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism.
70Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple,
73Last stand of Jews at Masada.
ca. 90-100Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues.
ca. 90-150Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture.
114-117Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus.
120-135Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism.
132-135Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses.
136Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there. Judea (the southern portion of what is now called the West Bank) was renamed Palaestina in an attempt to minimize Jewish identification with the land of Israel.
138-161Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews.
193-211Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary toJudaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone
ca. 200Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince.
203Because of his health, Judah HaNasi relocates the center of Jewish learning from Beth Shearim to Sepphoris.
212Roman Emperor Caracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens.
220Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab.
220-470

Amoraim, or Mishna scholars, flourish. The Amoraim's commentary, along with the Mishna, comprises the Talmud.

222-235Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem.
ca. 250Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I.
306One of the first Christian councils, the Council of Elvira, forbids intermarriage and social interaction with Jews.
315Code of Constantine limits rights of non-Christians, is Constantine's first anti-Jewish act.
359Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals.
368Jerusalem Talmud compiled.
370-425Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah.
410Rome sacked by Visigoths.
425Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome.
426Babylonian Talmud compiled.
439Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues.
500

Babylonian Talmud recorded.

After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship.

Consolidation & Dominance of Classical Christianity

(325-590)


 

325Christian First Ecumenical Council, at Nicea (Asia Minor), changes the date of Easter from Passover and forbids Jews from owning Christian slaves or converting pagans to Judaism.
330Jerusalem becomes part of Constantine's Byzantine Empire.
ca. 325-420Jerome (Christian author, translator).
339Constantine forbids intermarriage with Jews and the circumcision of heathen or Christian slaves, declaring death as the punishment.
354-430Augustine (Christian author in North Africa).
359Hillel creates a new calendar based on the lunar year to replace the dispersed Sanhedrin, which previously announced the festivals.
368Jerusalem Talmud compiled.
370-425Hillel founds Beit Hillel, a school emphasizing tolerance and patience. Hillel, a descendant of King David, is one of the first scholars to devise rules to interpret the Torah.
380/391Christianity becomes THE religion of Roman Empire.
410Rome sacked by Visigoths.
415St. Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria, champions violence against the city's Jews and incites the Greeks to kill or expel them. Some Jews return within a few years, but many return only after the Muslims conquer Egypt.
425Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome.
426Babylonian Talmud compiled.
439Theodosis enacts a code prohibiting Jews from holding important positions involving money. He also reenacts a law forbidding the building of new synagogues.
451Christian Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon.
500After conquering Italy in 493, Ostrogoth king Theodoric issues an edict safeguarding the Jews and ensuring their right to determine civil disputes and freedom of worship.
501An earthquake hits Israel, partially destroying Acre and incuring damage as far east as Jersusalem.
511Rebellion leader Mar Zutra usurps power from Kobad the Zenduk, establishing an independant Jewish state in Babylon that would last for seven years, until Zutra's forces defeated Zutra's army, killing him and instituted a harsh policy toward the remaining Jews.
516Southern Arabian king Ohu Nuwas adopts Judaism, possibly as a rampart against the spread of Christianity. King Eleboas of Abyssinia, with the help of Justin I, later defeated Nuwas.
519After Ravenna residents burnt down local synagogues, Ostrogoth ruler Theodoric orders the Italian town to rebuild the synagogues at their own expense.
587Recared of Spain adopts Catholicism, banning Jews from slave ownership, intermarriage and holding positions of authority. Recared also declares that children of mixed marriages be raised Christian.
570Birth of Prophet Muhammad, Makkah.
590Pope Gregory the Great formulates the official Papal policy towards Jews, objecting to forced baptism and tolerating them according to the previous council's regulations.

“Medieval” Period in the West

(ca. 600-1500)


 

610Visigothic ruler Sesbut prohibits Judaism after several anti-Jewish edicts are ignored. Exiled Jews return to Byzantine Spain under Sesbut's successor, Swintilla.
614Persian General Romizanes captures Jerusalem and allows Jews to run the city. At this time, aproximately 150,000 Jews are living in 43 settlements in Eretz-Israel.
617The Persians renege on their promises and forbid Jews to settle within a three mile radius of Jerusalem.
638Although Chintilla decrees that only Catholics are permitted to live in Visogoth Spain, many Jews continue to live there.
638Islamic conquest of Jerusalem.
682Visigoth King Erwig continues oppression of Jews, making it illegal to practice any Jewish rites and pressing for the conversion or emigration of the remaining Jews.
691First account of Jews in England.
712Jews help Muslim invaders capture Spain, ending Visogoth rule and beginning a 150 year period of relative peace, in which Jews were free to study and practice religion as they wished.
722In the wake of a narrow military defeat over Muslim forces, Leo III of Constantinople decided his nation's weakness lay in its heterogenious population, and began the forcible conversion of the Jews, as well as the "New Christians." Most converted under Leo III clandestinely continued their Jewish practices.
1040Birth of Rashi.
1066In the wake of the Norman conquest of England, Jews left Normandy and settled in London and later in York, Norwich, Oxford, Bristol and Lincoln.
1078Pope Gregory VII prohibited Jews from holding offices in Christendom.
1086-1145The greatest Hebrew poet of his time, Judah Halevi.
1090Iban Iashufin, King of the Almoravides, captured Granada and destroyed the Jewish community, the survivors fled to Toledo.
1095Henry IV of Germany, who granted Jews favorable conditions whenever possible, issued a charter to the Jews and a decree against forced baptism.
1131Birth of Rambam.
1171In the town of Blois, southwest of Paris, Jews are falsely accused of committing ritual murder ((killing of a Christian child) and blood libel. The adult Jews of the city are arrested and most are executed after refusing to convert. Thirty-one or 32 of the Jews are killed. The Jewish children are forcibly baptized.
1210Group of 300 French and English rabbis make aliyah and settle in Israel.
1215The Church's Fourth Lateran Council decrees that Jews be differentiated from others by their type of clothing to avoid intercourse between Jews and Christians. Jews are sometimes required to wear a badge; sometimes a pointed hat.
1227-1274Christian theologian, who called for the slavery of all Jews, Saint Thomas Aquinas.
1229King Henry III of England forced Jews to pay half the value of thier property in taxes.
1242Burning of the Talmud in Paris.
1244Tartars capture Jerusalem.
1253King Henry III of England ordered Jewish worship in synagogue to be held quietly so that Christians passing by do not have to hear it. e also ordered that Jews may not employ Christian nurses or maids, nor may any Jew prevent another from converting to Christianity.
1254French King Louis IX expelled the Jews from France, ending the Tosaphists period. Most Jews went to Germany and further east.
1255Seeing himself as the "master of the Jews," King Henry II of England transferred his rights to the Jews to his brother, Richard, for 5,000 marks.
1267In a special session, the Vienna city council forced Jews to wear the Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped headress prevelent in many medieval woodcuts illustrating Jews. This form of distinctive dress was an additon to badge Jews were forced to wear.
1267Ramban (Nachmanides) arrives in Israel.
1275King Edward of England banned usury and unsuccessfully encouraged Jews in agriculture, crafts and local trades. He also forced Jews over the age of seven to wear an indentifying badge.
1282The Archbishop of Canterbury, John Pectin, ordered all London synagogues to closed and prohibited Jewish physicians from practicing on Christians.
1285Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68 Jews. An additional 180 Jews are burned alive at the synagogue.
1287A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewish men, women and children after a ritual murder accusation.
1290Bowing political pressure, English King Edward I expels the Jews from England. They were only allowed to take what they could carry and most went to France, paying for thier passage only to be robbed and cast overboard by the ship captains.
1306Philip IV orders all Jews expelled from France, with their property to be sold at public auction. Some 125,000 Jews are forced to leave.
1321Similar to accusations made during the Black Plague, Jews were accused of encouraging lepers to poison Christian wells in France. An estimated five thousand Jews were killed before the king, Philip the Tall, admitted the Jews were innocent.
1321Henry II of Castile forces Jews to wear yellow badges.
1322Charles IV of France expels all French Jews without the one year period he had promised them.
1348-1349Much of Europe blames the Black Plague on the Jews and tortured to confess that they poisoned the wells. Despite the pleas of innocence of Pope Clement VI, the accusations resulted in the destruction of over 60 large and 150 small Jewish communities.
1348Basle burns 600 Jews at the stake and forcibly baptizes 140 children, expelling the city's other Jews. The city's Christian residents convert the synagogue into a church and destroy the Jewish cemetery.
1348Pope Clement VI issues an edict repudiating the libel against Jews, saying that they too were suffering from the Plague.
1360Samuel ben Meir Abulafia is arrested and tortured to death by King Pedro without any explination. The king also confiscated his great wealth.
1385-1386German Emperor Wenceslaus arrests Jews living in the Swabian League, a group of free cities in S. Germany, and confiscates their books. Later, he expelled the Jews of Strassburg after a community debate.
1386Emperor Wenceslaus expelles the Jews from Strassbourg and confiscate their property.
1389After a priest was hit with some sand from a few small Jewish boys playing in the street, he insisted that the Jewish community was plotting against him and began a virulent campaign against the city's Jews, resulting in the massacre of thousands and the destruction of the city's synagogue and Jewish cemetery. King Wenceslaus refused to condemn the act, insisting that the responsibility lay with the Jews for going outside during the Holy Week.
1389Pope Boniface continues the policy of Clement VI, forbidding the Christians to harm Jews, destroy their cemeteries or forcibly baptize them.
1391Ferrand Martinez, archdeacon of Ecija, begins a campaign against Spanish Jewry, killing over 10,000 and destroying the Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spreads throughout Spain, except for Granada, and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca.
1391King Pedro I orders Spain not to harm the remaining Jews and decrees that synagogues not be converted into churches.
1392King Pedro I announces his compliance with the Bull of Pope Boniface IX, protecting Jews from baptism. He extends this edict to Spanish Jewish refugees.
1415Benedict XIII bans the study of the Talmud in any form, institutes forced Christian sermons and tries to restrict Jewish life completely.
1420Pope Martin V favorably reinstates old privleges of the Jews and orders that no child under the age of 12 can be forcibly baptized without parental consent.
1420All Jews are expelled from Lyons, including the refugees from Paris who were expelled 20 years earliers. Jews now only remain in Provence (until 1500) and in the possessions of the Holy See.
1422Pope Martin V issues a bull reminding Christians that Christianity was derived from Judaism and warns the Friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn the following year, alleging that the Jews of Rome attained the Bull by fraud.
1480Inquisition established in Spain.

Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message

(570-1258)


 

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ca. 570-632Muhammad ("the Prophet" of Islam).
ca. 610Prophetic call and start of Quranic revelations.
614Persian invasion, Jews allowed to controll Jerusalem.
617Persians change policy toward Jews, forbid them from living within three miles of Jerusalem.
622The hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina.
624-627Muhammad attacks Jewish Arabian tribes for refusing to convert to Islam. Eventually the Southern Arabian tribes are destroyed.
626While proselytizing Arabia, Muhammad captures the Banu Kurara tribe and forces the group of about 600 to chose between conversion and death. After spending all night praying, all but three or four Banu Kurarans are beheaded.
627-629Emperor Heraclius breaks his promise of protection to Jews, massacring any he found and forbidding them from entering Jerusalem. Hundreds of Jews were killed and thousands exhiled to Egypt, ending the Jewish towns in the Galilee and Judea. Heraclius' decree remained in effect until the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.
630Capitulation of Mecca, rededication of Kaba.
632The Jewish tribe Kaibar defends itself against Muslim forces, negotiating a settlement in which half of their crops would go to Mohammed in exchange for peace. Other Jewish tribes, including Fadattr, Tedma and Magna reached similar deals.
590-604Pope Gregory the Great.
ca. 600-1300Period of the Jewish Rabbinic Geonim.
632-661Muhammad dies, creating the four "rightly guided caliphs" of Islam.
637Muslim forces capture Caesarea, forcing the city's estimated 100,000 Jews to follow the Pact of Omar, which meant they had to pray quietly, not build new synagogues and not prevent Jews from converting to Islam. The Jews were also forbidden from riding horses and holding judicial or civil posts, and were forced to wear a yellow patch for identification.
638Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem and Jews are permitted to return to the city under Islam.
661Assassination of Ali (last of the four).
661-750Umayyad Dynasty of Islam in Damascus (Syria).
669, 674Muslim Attacks on Christian Constantinople.
680Massacre of Ali's son Husayn and Shiites (Iraq).
685Muslims extend Jerusalem and rebuild walls and roads.
692Dome of the Rock built on site of First and Second Temples by Caliph Abd el-Malik.
711Muslim Forces Attack Spain Successfully.
715Al-Aqsa Mosque built, Jerusalem.
732Islam repulsed at Tours (France), gateway to Europe.
750Abbasid caliphate founded.
ca. 760Karaism founded (Jewish reaction to Rabbinic Judaism).
762Baghdad founded by Abbasids.
767Anan Ben David, organizer of the Karaite sect that only believed in the literal Biblical writings and not the Oral law.
742-814Charlemagne, French Holy Roman Emperor, protected and helped develop Jewish culture in his kingdom, seeing Jews as an asset.
740-1259Jewish Kingdom of Khazar lasts over 500 years, defending itself from the Muslims, Byzantines and Russians, finally subdued by Mongols under Genghis Khan.
750-1258Abbasid Dynasty of Islam in Baghdad (Iraq)—the "golden age" of Islamic culture.
?-767Abu Hanifa (Muslim theologian and jurist in Iraq).
710-795Malik ibn Anas (jurist, collector of hadiths, Medina).
800Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules in "1001 Nights" style.
ca. 800-950Mutazilite rationalism developed and debated.
807Harun Al Rashid, Caliph of the Abbasids forces Baghdad Jews to wear a yellow badge and Christians to wear a blue badge.
825Caliph Mamun sponsors translations of Greek learning into Arabic (Arabic science flourishes).
814-840Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pius, who succeeded his father as king, expanded his father's positive policies towards the Jews, like changing "market day" from Saturday (Shabbat) to Sunday.
855Ibn Hanbal (jurist, collector of hadiths, Baghdad).
868Palestine annexed to Egypt.
870, 875Bukhari and Muslim (collectors of hadiths).
874Shiite "twelvers" arise.
?-935Al-Ashari (ex-Mutazilite Muslim scholar).
882-942Saadia Gaon (Rabbinic Jewish sage).
942Office of the Exilarch was abolished after seven centuries, primarily because of dissention with the Muslims. David ben-Zaccai held the postion.
922Execution of Hallaj, radical Persian Muslim mystic/sufi.
ca. 950-1150“Golden Age” in Spain (Islamic Umayyad dynasty).
969Founding of Cairo (and soon thereafter Azhar University) by the Islamic Shiite Fatimid dynasty in Egypt.
969Caliph al-Aziz defeated the Turkish princes at Ramleh, marking the beginning of Fatamid rule over Eretz-Israel.
972Al-Azhar University Founded, Cairo.
ca. 1000Rabbi Gershon of Mainz, Germany, publishes a ban on bigamy. This marks the beginning of Ashkenazi (Franco-German) halachic creativity.
1001Ibn al-Bawwab produces earliest exist Qur'an copy on paper, Baghdad.
990-1055Diplomat and poet, as well as vizier to King Habus of Granada and author of a Biblical Hebrew dictionary, Samuel Ibn Nagrela.
1008Egyptian Caliph Hakkim, who claimed to be divine, pressured all non-Muslims to convert and forced all Jews to wear a "golden calf" around their necks.
1009Oldest existing text of full Hebrew Bible is written.
1016Earthquake causes structrual damage on Temple Mount.
1021-1069Messianic poet and philosopher, Solomon Ibn Gabirol.
1027Samuel Hanagid becomes vizier of Granada. He is the first of the poets of the Golden Age of Spain, and symbolic of both the political power and literary creativity of Jews in Spain at the time.
1032Rebel Abul Kamal Tumin conquered Fez and decimated the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews.
1066Final split ("schism") between Latin (Roman) and Greek (Byzantine) Classical Christian Churches: 1053/54 William the Conqueror (Norman) takes England.
1056Abraham Ibn Daud: On Saumuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada.
1040-1105Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac; Jewish sage): .
1058-1111Ghazali (Persian Muslim scholar and mystic): .
1065-1173Benjamin of Tudela, Jewish traveller and historian, who wrote a famous journal called Sefer Hamassa'ot (Book of Travels).
1070Rashi, a French-Jewish thinker, completes his commentaries on most parts of the Bible.
1070-1139Poet and philiospher Moses Ibn Ezra.
1071Seljuk occupation of Jerusalem.
1099First Crusade Begins rule in Jerusalem.
1181Philip expels Jews from France.
1187Salah al-Din returns Jerusalem to Muslim rule.
1192Philip expands his kingdom and allows Jews to return, for a fee and under strict conditions.

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